Account of an Assembly-line Worker

“It’s hard, it’s tough, and yet I have to do it” the young woman I interviewed said.

For many Boholanos, Manila is seen as the land of milk and honey, where all the golden opportunities await. For a hopeful Marilyn Gomez, this was the case. Shortly before leaving the rural farmlands of Bohol, she waved goodbye to her family and ventured into a new quest. Like any ordinary Boholana, Marilyn Gomez had her fears. One of them was being left alone with no close family to talk or come home to. Some were very unrealistic. But despite these qualms, she was determined to do whatever is possible to support a family in dire need of help—a promise she had made to her family and to herself.

Marilyn arrived in the port of Manila some two years ago. Like most typical teenagers in her locality, Marilyn had studied in a public high school. It wasn’t long before she was forced to withdraw from her studies to help support her family. They were already in extreme poverty and they could no longer spare enough money for her studies. Even though she did not have to pay tuition, staying in school was still difficult for a family that was barely making ends meet. According to Marilyn, the expenses for High School—for school supplies, and the like—have skyrocketed over the past few years. In addition, she also said that spending another cent of their budget for books, transportation and snacks would be very wasteful. Because of this, she was left with no other choice but to find work to help the family earn a living. With many siblings still at a very young age, Marilyn knew and understood that more opportunities awaited them as opposed to her. Choosing to be selfless, she knew that she had to make certain sacrifices now, so that their standard of living might alleviate in the near future. Thus, at the very young age of 18, she had to find work. With only a few hundred pesos in her pocket, she bought a ferry ride ticket to Manila, with hopes of taking the center stage, pushing her fears in away in the deepest recesses of her brain.

Upon arriving in Manila, she was awestricken with all the towering skyscrapers surrounding the city. Her cousin, who was working in Manila, came to fetch her from the sea port. Still skeptical of all the opportunities waiting for her, Marilyn and her cousin traveled and left off to the remote area of Barangay Hulo, Mandaluyong City where her cousin resided. Life wasn’t all that well for the next few months. She mentioned that they were living a hand to mouth existence from her cousin’s meager earnings, as she remained jobless for three months straight, relying merely on her cousin for survival.

An opportunity finally came when Marilyn found a job opening in a garments factory in the greater metropolis area. The opening job was for an assembly line worker, whose sole work was to basically check the quality of the finished goods sent in batches, or in other words, a “checker”. Knowing that this was a once in a lifetime opportunity, she grabbed the job. She described her task as a very easy task, wherein a handful of clothes is passed on to her, after every production run. Her job was to check for discoloration of the garments, inspect for holes or any missing buttons, and check if the shirts are sewn correctly, one by one. After careful inspection, she would then pass it on to the tagging department.

The work, at first, was perfect for the girl who had an educational attainment only up to 2nd-year High School. It was a low skilled job that paid slightly above the minimum wage. Pay was enough to live through the days, and there was sufficient savings to be sent home every month. She was contented with everything about her job at first. Although promotion seemed impossible, this was her ultimate dream—to belong amongst the white-collared sector workers in the factory. Marilyn’s work became one of the most important things in her life; in fact she gave up many things to get the job. This isn’t really surprising for people like her, for many of her kababayans have also left home to find greater opportunities. Marilyn wasn’t alone in her pursuit. In the small town of Bohol, economy was never there to speak of. However, here in Manila, economy is the rule.

Over the next few months, what seemed to be a determined Marilyn has become less resolute in her ways and words. I noticed how her character shifted from what she described to who I was now talking to face to face. Maybe she had never guessed how working here in Manila would affect her psychologically; the utter emptiness of being alone in an unfamiliar place, with no close friends and family to console with is already enough to justify this. She was happy about her pay, but in some way, I could see that she realized that she had never truly been contented with her work.

Marilyn saw the factory as something that would fulfill her goals of earning money for the future of her family. On the other hand, what I see is a big industrial unit, of which in its entirety, is a huge garment producing machine where the need of man to be clothed is fulfilled. In such case, maybe the company as a whole can be “humanizing” in a sense that it wrests something from nature. This starts from the gathering of supply from nature (i.e., cotton) and transforming them to more durable types of garments with different sizes, styles, colors, etc. The clothing perfects human beings in that it fulfills whatever size, style, color is needed by the person for a specific occasion.

However, Marilyn’s job, seen as an individual department among the rest of the company is undeniably dehumanizing. How a person could be reduced to do such a mechanical work is appalling. She can be replaced by just any high-technology quality control machine, but maybe because of cost-cutting or lack of machinery, employees like her were used instead. The reality that they used human beings instead to do a machine’s work is really an excruciating fact. All the potentialities of that human being, Marilyn Gomez in this case, have all been erased from her; it’s just like being born without a human mind, feeling, talent, skill or even a soul! This is the reality of Marilyn’s job that she has to face day by day. She works only for the sake of compensation—to get a diminutive sum of money in return. In my point of view, the antagonism of subjectivity and objectivity seems to be very clear now. Marilyn, like all human beings is an embodiment of subjectivity, but in her work, her objectivity is what dominates her. It is not anymore her human soul using only her body as an instrument to transfer meaning, but rather, it uses the functional characteristic of her objective self primarily, repeating whatever work that needs to be repeated.

The humdrum activity of checking, checking, and more checking is what seems to revolve around Marilyn’s work. She has no chance of imparting even the slightest of creativity given to her by God. Though I myself would not be able to concretely know what she exactly feels by the way she described her work, the monotonous process seemingly presents itself. The enslaving monotony of the work, in my opinion, would seem analogous to the relationship of a dog and his master. When a dog fetches an artificial bone thrown by his master, I see Marilyn at work. When a dog catches the bone and promptly returns it to his master, I see Marilyn at work. When a dog cheerfully accepts the dog pellet rewarded by his master after doing a job well-done, I see Marilyn at work. On and on, the three-step routine happens over and over again in a seemingly endless process.

When asked what type of work she would want in the near future, she replied, “office work. If I have earned enough money to support my own studies and that of my siblings, then I can continue my studies and hopefully I can get into some sort of office work.” She continued and said in a very serious tone, “But if God wants me to remain at my present work, I really have no choice.” This, for me, was proof of her frustration with work, mainly because she can not really fully grow as person, with all her God-given talents and ideas going down the drain as work went on.

I really sympathize, if not pity, with Marilyn. It wasn’t her choice to be born in the slums of Bohol. Poverty, for her, was a given fact rather than a choice she could make; a facticity which she needed to face and endure. She made a move and transcended this physical and material poverty by trying to find work in the urbanized city of Manila. It would seem that she had transcended it, because of the “sufficient” earnings she received monthly. At the heart of it, however, is her very soul diminishing because of the monotony of the work—of being used as an object. Of what seemed a transcendence of her materially, resulted in the gradual poverty of her soul.

With this, I have now come to a better understanding of what Marx was saying with regard to the needs of people. Marx views the true needs of man as “those whose fulfillment is necessary of his essence as a human being.” In Marilyn’s case, there is financial fulfillment in that she can now eat a better meal or maybe even sleep under a better shelter. Then again, this does not come without a certain kind of compromise: she has to endure an aspect of alienation in her work. The extrinsic rewards come as a medium of exchange for all the work she gives, but intrinsic fulfillment is what really counts in a human being. Such rewards is what makes her truly human in that she develops love for her work from the inside—establishing passion for the job with a certain degree of permanency. However, all she gets are extrinsic rewards that are superficial and only provide for her short term ends and goals.

A look back into this interview made me realize something: contentment is a value, and this I have learned to cherish after this experience. One really can’t expect for everything to be handed down in a silver platter. Tomorrow, or a few days after this interview, I would once more get on with my life and maybe even forget about my encounter with this worker. However, from this point forward, I have learned to respect the value of workers; especially for most blue-collared factory workers who work for the sake of money— combating poverty even if it means losing their humanity in the process.

China - Chinese Philosophy and Business

China is one of the world’s fastest growing economies and is viewed by many as the factory of the world. Doing business in China has never been more rewarding as investments are producing enormous gains from across all industries. However, the risk factor remains quite high, as China is one of the least understood countries mainly because of its late entry into the market economy. Going into the Chinese market without sufficient knowledge on its culture is indeed dangerous. Ultimately, investors and people who seek to reap from this Chinese boom need to understand the Philosophy behind how the Chinese system works in order to succeed in their ventures.

One of the most highly regarded schools of thought in China is Confucianism, which of course, are based on the teachings of Confucius. Many Chinese principles and practices are firmly rooted upon this ideology some of which are still highly regarded in China even to this date.

This philosophy emphasizes that man’s main goal is to become a virtuous being. In addition, he must be a man of learning and good manners. To put it more accurately, “the perfect man must combine the qualities of a saint, scholar, and gentleman.[1]” It stressed four main virtues that a man must possess. The first is sincerity in which a man must be truthful, faithful to his promises, and conscientious in his duties. Second is benevolence wherein mutual benefit is seen as the main goals of decision-making. Thirdly, the virtue of filial piety encourages sons and daughters to give respect to their parents and to contribute to the success of the family. Last is the virtue of propriety wherein human beings are asked to do the right thing simply because they are right.

There are several key practices that are rooted from the Confucian value system. Chinese practices like guanxi gives importance to the relationships we form with other people. These relationships can serve as a network of connections wherein we may be able to seek help when we need one and also assist others with their needs; in other words, mutual respect is needed. Mianzi or face-saving is also a very important aspect in Chinese culture. Honor of one’s family as well as one’s own name is regarded highly as a value and being shamed inappropriately may cause trouble. Conversely, giving praise to others hastens relationship building and trust among Chinese individuals. Ke Qi is another important Chinese practice wherein humility and proper behavior especially to guests are important.

Knowing these philosophies and practices whole-heartedly when doing business in China can certainly minimize the trouble that might result from lack of cultural understanding. In business dealings or joint ventures, one may deduce that the Chinese will only close the deal if they can first earn your trust. It is imperative to keep your word because it is hard to heal the wounds of the relationship once the trust is broken. As seen from above, mutual benefit is key to the Chinese so it is important for people to be aware of what benefits they can offer to their Chinese counterparts. In addition, the Chinese prefer direct-to-the point discussions and flowery exaggerations of what benefit they might get from you might not be welcomed.

In dealing with employees, egalitarianism remains an important value for their motivation. We can see that this is rooted upon the Confucian value of benevolence. Egalitarianism is still quite rampant as the Chinese came from a society wherein employees get equal treatments and salaries. As an example, a Chinese employee might be motivated more if he teams up with other people when doing a specific task. Rewards may also be more proper if they are shared within the group rather than given individually to the “more deserving” people.

As China opens its doors to the world, more and more people are discovering how to play China’s rules of the game. Some get confused and give up, while others take time to understand the Chinese philosophies and in the end, reap the rewards that China has to offer.

Intramuros - the Old Manila

A sweet essence from the past welcomes anyone who dares enter the classic landmark known as Intramuros. Located in the southern coast of the Pasig River, this 64-hectare piece of land is embraced by towering, concrete walls that form a pentagonal frontier. The name comes from the Latin word which translates to “within the walls” in English. It was originally a Chinese settlement but the Spaniards built the “walled structure” in 1571 as a defense of Manila from foreign invaders. Though not as extensive as that of China’s, this “great wall” was a commercial, political, and cultural center during Spain’s dominion in Asia. Now, Intramuros still holds its head up high as tourists from across the globe come and admire its unique splendor. Ready for a tour? Come and see the wonders of Intramuros!

Intramuros is virtually a “walled” city that conceals itself from the hustling and bustling streets of Manila. This territory is home to museums, churches, schools, government offices, and restaurants in classic architecture, making history very much “present” in every corner of the streets of Intramuros. Through reconstruction, these places remained steadfast in spite of natural catastrophes that have almost plagued their existence. The distinguished Fort Santiago is a worthy example. Built as the headquarters of the Spanish army, this remnant of the past is now a public park, which was constructed in memory of our national hero, Jose Rizal. Here, one can find dark and low dungeons that were just enough for few people to fit in. These dungeons have gigantic inner doors built with massive iron bars, and outer doors were made with wood on iron frame and they are locked using enormous chains. Also quite eye-catching are the tiny footprints of Jose Rizal in gold-plated alloy. The footprints, being so short-distanced, one can almost picture the pain of Rizal as he was sluggishly being brought to Bagumbayan, where the Spaniards finally shot him to death. Walking further into Fort Santiago, a Holy Cross can be seen. It was the burial ground for almost 600 Filipino and American soldiers who were victims of starvation and suffocation in the dungeons where their bodies were found. The famous Rizal museum can also be found here. It houses an original collection of journals and writings, like “Mi Ultimo Adios”, which was the poem he wrote before his death. Rizal’s antique furniture and belongings, some of which date back even to the day of his birth, can also be found here.

Roughly a hundred steps from the war bastion is the Manila Cathedral, which has been continually renovated due to fire and earthquakes. The cathedral is noted for its wide door, which is made of bronze with eight rows, which shows the church’s history in intricate artistic embossment. Walking further, magnificent and multicolored glass paintings can be viewed from both sides; they glorify the sacredness of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary. Located just in front of the cathedral is Plaza Roma, a silent and serene park that gives one an excellent view of the Cathedral. A puzzling irony about it is that this location was once teeming with noisy people; it was a place where people cheer for their bets in the bullfights that were held here. Juxtaposed to the plaza is the Palacio del Gobernador, the residence and main office of the governor-general and administrators of the high courts during the Spanish regime, before its transfer to Malcanang Palace. Presently, it houses several government offices and it is also where the Land Bank main office is located.

The next destination is a notable heirloom from Spain, the San Agustin Church. Originally constructed with bamboo and nipa, this church was built at the verge of the defeat of Rajah Soliman from Legazpi in 1571, making it the oldest church in Intramuros. The façade shaped in Roman architecture and the pale external color of the church gives one an idea of how much history is kept within. Just like the Manila Cathedral, glass paintings of the Virgin Mary can also be seen. Fourteen statues of different saints placed in small chapel-like enclosures can also be observed inside. Entombed beneath some of them are the bodies of eminent conquistadors, or Spanish conquerors. Adjacent to the church is the San Agustin Museum where religious paintings and sculpture are displayed.

Passion fills the air as one walks through the gates of Casa Manila. A setting for many romantic films, this 19th century mansion is really worth a visit. It was once a residence of a wealthy Spanish family but half of it is now converted to a museum where 16th to 19th century types of furniture are exhibited. A few more steps from the Casa are fast food chains and restaurants that will surely fill your belly. The Mc Donald’s, Chowking, and Max’s that are located here are not the most accustomed ones you see on the streets. They are built in classic architecture and tend to adapt with Intramuros’ archetypal design. Also noteworthy is the Ciudad de Fernandina restaurant that serves different Filipino dishes. The structure camouflages itself by attaching to the wall of Intramuros.

After a tasty meal, a walk along the high walls, which are made of cobblestones, follows. Some walls are detached to the others so one cannot continuously walk its 4.4-km span. The original stones even have markings in them to distinguish them from the new stones that have been added to them. A spectacular view of the Manila City Hall and a huge span of golf course can be seen along these walls. Some of the walls even have cannons and watchtowers, which were used as defense during the Spanish regime. Beside them are stone benches where people can sit and chat while observing the spectacular view of Manila.

After that short tour of Intramuros, it is quite apparent that this small piece of land is home to so much well-preserved history. That is why many historical structures have already been demolished through time, but not Intramuros. It is one of the few remaining sites that collide the present with the past, and the past with the present, and is virtually a transit to the Spanish regime. It is a place enriched with memories that have painted our history. Cherishing and preserving it is the only way we could save this wonderful remembrance of a rich era from the past.